Socialization Styles used by heads of rural families in Sohag Governorate

Women are considered a human energy with an effective role that cannot be denied or overlooked 
in all areas related to Egyptian development in general and rural development in particular, as the 
role of women in society is one of the standards that express the growth and development of this 
society, in addition to their natural role in life, as they are primarily responsible for Preparing 
young people, raising generations, and caring for the family. This research aims to: identify the 
most important methods used for the socialization process in families headed by the mother as a 
result of the absence of the paternal breadwinner in the study area. This study was conducted in 
Sohag Governorate on a sample of 240 housewives who lost their main breadwinner (the father), 
to study the extent of their knowledge of different socialization methods, which are the cruelty 
method, the overprotection method, the separation method, the neglect method, the humiliation 
method, the tolerance method, And the democratic method of socialization, the study was limited 
to the selected centers, which included: a comprehensive study of widows, who numbered 1,327, a 
comprehensive study of divorced women, who numbered 6,311, and a comprehensive study of 
deserters, who numbered 145. The sample size was chosen by applying Stephen Thompson’s 
equation, and the sample size was 240 female respondents were distributed to the centers selected 
on the basis of relative weight. The distribution was as in Table No. (2), and a sample of 30 was 
taken as a minimum from the centers whose relative weight did not reach the sample size of 30, 
due to the lack of data specific to each village on widows, divorcees, and abandonment. In each 
center, the sample was selected from several villages from each center, and the sample members 
were selected in a simple random way from within each administrative center. The most prominent 
results were: percentages of female respondents were limited to between 0.65% - 3.98%, and they 
knew 80%. Of the expressions that indicate the style of democracy, the results also showed that 
percentages of the respondents are limited to between 0.65% - 6.78%, and they know 70% of the 
expressions that indicate the style of overprotection, and the percentage is limited to between 
5.38% - 4.56%. Of the respondents, they know 30% of the phrases that indicate excessive 
protection. It also showed that percentages of female respondents were limited to between 4.62% -
2.87% and did not know 3.92% of the phrases that indicate cruelty. The values of the arithmetic 
mean, the standard deviation, and the “t” value were calculated between the degree to which the 
subjects applied socialization methods. In the family that lost its breadwinner, Table (69). The 
results shown in the table showed that there were differences at a significance level of 05.0 
between the degree to which the subjects applied the cruelty method, as the calculated “t” value 
was 398.2, which is greater than its tabular counterpart. The results also showed that there was no 
There are differences between the degree to which the subjects applied the methods of democracy, 
humiliation, acceptance, tolerance, overprotection, differential treatment, and neglect in the family 
that lost its breadwinner. Given what the results of the study highlighted that there is a relationship 
between the level of education and the adoption of positive methods of socialization such as 
democracy and tolerance, The study recommends the necessity of working to raise the level of 
education, especially within villages with a low level of development, by providing schools at all 
levels, providing the components of an effective educational process in them, and paying attention 
to developing knowledge and skills that develop those positive values that encourage tolerance and 
freedom .